Journal: Journal of Biomedical Optics

Article Title: Clinical evaluation of smartphone-based fluorescence imaging for guidance and monitoring of ALA-PDT treatment of early oral cancer

doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.25.6.063813

Figure Lengend Snippet: Smartphone device and workflow for PpIX fluorescence and WL imaging. (a) A smartphone attached with a 405-nm LED array (modified FluoroVu device, by Eigen Imaging) fitted with a 610- to 710-nm emission filter. (b) Handheld smartphone-based lesion site PpIX fluorescence imaging during the buccal mucosa PDT treatment. (c) The methodology of fluorescence image formation using blue-violet excitation (405 nm peak; emitted from the LED array). (d) Subject treatment timeline with the pre-PDT, post-PDT, and follow-up diagnostics (i.e., WL, US, PpIX imaging, and H&E) and clinical monitoring assessments. (e) Stepwise illustrative presentation of smartphone-based lesion site PpIX fluorescence detection and after-light or post-PDT treatment bleaching.

Article Snippet: Images were obtained using a consumer smartphone (iPhone 7, Apple Inc., Cupertino, California, iOS version 10.1, upgraded to 11.1 and 12.1 over the course of study) with a circular array of 405-nm LEDs for fluorescence excitation (modified FluoroVu device, by Eigen Imaging) mounted around the phone camera sensor fitted with a 610- to 710-nm emission filter, as previously described [ ].

Techniques: Fluorescence, Imaging, Modification

Journal: Journal of Biomedical Optics

Article Title: Clinical evaluation of smartphone-based fluorescence imaging for guidance and monitoring of ALA-PDT treatment of early oral cancer

doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.25.6.063813

Figure Lengend Snippet: The PpIX fluorescence-based imaging of oral lesions. (a) and (b) The measurement of maximum dimension of lesion with the help of smartphone WL and fluorescence imaging. (c) The fluorescence image applied 16LUT for the measurement of maximum lesion width with visible margins. (d) US for the maximum width of the lesion in transverse plane. (e) The boxplot of the maximum lesion width measured from the US and PpIX fluorescence imaging on 32 lesion sites. (f) The barplot of length [i.e., 20 mm beam light covered area = lesion + normal tissue margins ( Δ )] where maximum lesion width is measured by US, LUT, and WL imaging. (g) The linear regression graph between the PpIX fluorescence (as LUT) and US lesion width parameters. The blue dots represent the outliers superimposed in the graph. The shaded gray area represents the confidence interval (95%) for regression coefficients.

Article Snippet: Images were obtained using a consumer smartphone (iPhone 7, Apple Inc., Cupertino, California, iOS version 10.1, upgraded to 11.1 and 12.1 over the course of study) with a circular array of 405-nm LEDs for fluorescence excitation (modified FluoroVu device, by Eigen Imaging) mounted around the phone camera sensor fitted with a 610- to 710-nm emission filter, as previously described [ ].

Techniques: Fluorescence, Imaging

Journal: Journal of Biomedical Optics

Article Title: Clinical evaluation of smartphone-based fluorescence imaging for guidance and monitoring of ALA-PDT treatment of early oral cancer

doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.25.6.063813

Figure Lengend Snippet: Smartphone device and workflow for PpIX fluorescence and WL imaging. (a) A smartphone attached with a 405-nm LED array (modified FluoroVu device, by Eigen Imaging) fitted with a 610- to 710-nm emission filter. (b) Handheld smartphone-based lesion site PpIX fluorescence imaging during the buccal mucosa PDT treatment. (c) The methodology of fluorescence image formation using blue-violet excitation (405 nm peak; emitted from the LED array). (d) Subject treatment timeline with the pre-PDT, post-PDT, and follow-up diagnostics (i.e., WL, US, PpIX imaging, and H&E) and clinical monitoring assessments. (e) Stepwise illustrative presentation of smartphone-based lesion site PpIX fluorescence detection and after-light or post-PDT treatment bleaching.

Article Snippet: Images were obtained using a consumer smartphone (iPhone 7, Apple Inc., Cupertino, California, iOS version 10.1, upgraded to 11.1 and 12.1 over the course of study) with a circular array of 405-nm LEDs for fluorescence excitation (modified FluoroVu device, by Eigen Imaging) mounted around the phone camera sensor fitted with a 610- to 710-nm emission filter, as previously described [ ].

Techniques: Fluorescence, Imaging, Modification

Journal: Journal of Biomedical Optics

Article Title: Clinical evaluation of smartphone-based fluorescence imaging for guidance and monitoring of ALA-PDT treatment of early oral cancer

doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.25.6.063813

Figure Lengend Snippet: The PpIX fluorescence-based imaging of oral lesions. (a) and (b) The measurement of maximum dimension of lesion with the help of smartphone WL and fluorescence imaging. (c) The fluorescence image applied 16LUT for the measurement of maximum lesion width with visible margins. (d) US for the maximum width of the lesion in transverse plane. (e) The boxplot of the maximum lesion width measured from the US and PpIX fluorescence imaging on 32 lesion sites. (f) The barplot of length [i.e., 20 mm beam light covered area = lesion + normal tissue margins ( Δ )] where maximum lesion width is measured by US, LUT, and WL imaging. (g) The linear regression graph between the PpIX fluorescence (as LUT) and US lesion width parameters. The blue dots represent the outliers superimposed in the graph. The shaded gray area represents the confidence interval (95%) for regression coefficients.

Article Snippet: Images were obtained using a consumer smartphone (iPhone 7, Apple Inc., Cupertino, California, iOS version 10.1, upgraded to 11.1 and 12.1 over the course of study) with a circular array of 405-nm LEDs for fluorescence excitation (modified FluoroVu device, by Eigen Imaging) mounted around the phone camera sensor fitted with a 610- to 710-nm emission filter, as previously described [ ].

Techniques: Fluorescence, Imaging

Journal: Journal of Biomedical Optics

Article Title: Clinical evaluation of smartphone-based fluorescence imaging for guidance and monitoring of ALA-PDT treatment of early oral cancer

doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.25.6.063813

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of PpIX fluorescence signal in the zone of light delivery before and after PDT. (a) and (b) Measurement of two-dimensional parameter of buccal mucosa lesion by WL imaging. (c) The pre-ALA autofluorescence imaging. (d) and (g) Pre- and post-light delivery PpIX fluorescence and bleaching imaging. (e) and (h) The corresponding lesion margin’s identification by 16LUT. (f) and (i) Lesion surfaced fluorescence intensity and bleaching were visualized by 3-D fluorescence intensity surface plot of 16LUT. (j) The comparative boxplot analysis of PpIX fluorescence and post-PDT bleaching areas. The larger area of photobleached region following PDT is consistent with expectations based on the treatment design, using a light delivery applicator, which treats the full lesion area plus margins.

Article Snippet: Images were obtained using a consumer smartphone (iPhone 7, Apple Inc., Cupertino, California, iOS version 10.1, upgraded to 11.1 and 12.1 over the course of study) with a circular array of 405-nm LEDs for fluorescence excitation (modified FluoroVu device, by Eigen Imaging) mounted around the phone camera sensor fitted with a 610- to 710-nm emission filter, as previously described [ ].

Techniques: Fluorescence, Imaging

Journal: Journal of Biomedical Optics

Article Title: Clinical evaluation of smartphone-based fluorescence imaging for guidance and monitoring of ALA-PDT treatment of early oral cancer

doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.25.6.063813

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparative analysis of lesion segmentation based on fluorescence and WL image data. (a) The pre-ALA WL and post-ALA fluorescence imaging with corresponding lesion site 16LUT segmentation. (b) The HSV segmentations of pre-ALA WL image showing the same visible lesion dimensions as in the fluorescence image (LUT). (c) The boxplot comparison among the masked HSV, pre-ALA, WL, and post-ALA LUT lesion areas. (d) The similar visible lesion dimensions displayed by the HSV masked and LUT image segmentations. (e) The simple linear regression plot for predictor (relative axis of HSV masked lesion; axial ratio value = Y max / X max ) and dependent variable (relative axis of 16LUT lesion). The shaded gray area represents the confidence interval (95%) for regression coefficients.

Article Snippet: Images were obtained using a consumer smartphone (iPhone 7, Apple Inc., Cupertino, California, iOS version 10.1, upgraded to 11.1 and 12.1 over the course of study) with a circular array of 405-nm LEDs for fluorescence excitation (modified FluoroVu device, by Eigen Imaging) mounted around the phone camera sensor fitted with a 610- to 710-nm emission filter, as previously described [ ].

Techniques: Fluorescence, Imaging, Comparison